Thousands of Germans waited in lines for work and food in the early 1920s.

A new and unfamiliar democratic form of government-the Weimar Republic-replaced the authoritarian empire and immediately faced daunting challenges. Troops left the bloody battlefields and returned to a bewildering society. Many veterans and other citizens struggled to understand GermanyвЂ™s defeat and the uncertain future. вЂњIt cannot be that two million Germans should have fallen in vain,вЂќ Adolf Hitler later wrote. In fact, the German military had quietly sought an end to the war it could no longer win in 1918. To many, including 30-year old former army corporal Adolf Hitler, it seemed the country had been вЂњstabbed in the backвЂќ-betrayed by subversives at home and by the government who accepted the armistice.

Germany was forced to accept full responsibility for starting the war and to pay heavy reparations. What shocked so many in Germany about the treaty signed near Paris, at the Palace of Versailles, was that the victors dictated a future in which Germany was deprived of any significant military power. The humiliation of GermanyвЂ™s defeat and the peace settlement that followed in 1919 would play an important role in the rise of Nazism and the coming of a second вЂњworld warвЂќ just 20 years later. Winston Churchill said the war left вЂњa crippled, broken world.вЂќДЄftermath of World War I and the Rise of Nazism, 1918-1933 It was a cataclysm that darkened the worldвЂ™s view of humanity and its future. Under the pressure of unending carnage, governments toppled and great empires dissolved. Advances in the technology of killing included the use of poison gas. Millions of veterans were crippled in body and in spirit. More than one third of all German men aged 19 to 22 were killed. вЂњIt is the ending of the world.вЂќ Half of all Frenchmen aged 20 to 32 at warвЂ™s outbreak were dead when it was over. вЂњThis is not war,вЂќ one wounded soldier wrote home. It became known as вЂњthe war to end all wars.вЂќ It cast an immense shadow on tens of millions of people. The first вЂњworld war,вЂќ from 1914 to 1918, was fought throughout Europe and beyond. What followed soon after were two devastating wars. The 20th century began much like our own-with hope that education, science and technology could create a better, more peaceful world. More than fifty million people from around the world visited the Universal Exposition-a worldвЂ™s fair intended to promote greater understanding and tolerance among nations, and to celebrate the new century, new inventions, exciting progress. With a critical introduction by Leonardo Quaresima which provides context for Kracauer's scholarship and his contributions to film studies, this Princeton Classics edition makes an influential work available to new generations of cinema enthusiasts.Paris, 1900. Kracauer makes a startling (and still controversial) claim: films as popular art provide insight into the unconscious motivations and fantasies of a nation. He explores the connections among film aesthetics, the prevailing psychological state of Germans in the Weimar era, and the evolving social and political reality of the time. Caligari, M, Metropolis, and The Blue Angel. Prominent film critic Siegfried Kracauer examines German society from 1921 to 1933, in light of such movies as The Cabinet of Dr. An essential work of the cinematic history of the Weimar Republic by a leading figure of film criticismДЇirst published in 1947, From Caligari to Hitler remains an undisputed landmark study of the rich cinematic history of the Weimar Republic.

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